A clinical trial (NCT00851994) was conducted to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of AQP1 concentration to diagnose the clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by comparing urine AQP1 concentrations in RCC, bladder cancer, non-cancer renal masses, and prostate cancer patients [69]. The gene discussed is AQP1; the disease is papillary renal cell carcinoma.