The increased phagocytosis at basal conditions (p < 0.05) and increased expansion of MHCII+ macrophages, increased TNFa (an inflammatory cytokine), and decreased GM-CSF (a cytokine involved in responding to bacteria and autoimmunity) [48] (see data shown in the final figure) following LPS-induced immune stimulation in the DAT−/− mice collectively support the interpretation that loss of DAT expression promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype in peritoneal macrophages. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Autoimmunity.