CAF-secreted EVs may also play a role in facilitating chemotherapy resistance, as EVs isolated from primary human vimentin+/αSMA+/FAP+ CAFs in cell culture containing miR-432-5p have been shown to inhibit gremlin 2 DAN family BMP antagonist (GREM2) and promote TGFβ signaling in prostate cancer cells to drive chemoresistance [283]. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and prostate cancer.