CCL2 and neoplasm: Primary human vimentin+/α-SMA+/PDGFRβ+/AR+ CAFs have been shown to suppress the secretion of inflammatory/tumor-promoting cytokines (including CCL2 and CXCL8) in response to testosterone, whereas AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells displayed AR nuclear translocation and activation of AR-mediated gene transcription [258].