Moreover, DKK3 depletion in WPMY-1 prostate stromal cells is reported to increase TGF-β signaling activity and extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM-1) secretion, and stromal cell-conditioned media from DKK3-deficient WPMY-1 cells was found to inhibit prostate cancer cell invasion [205]. Here, ECM1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.