TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, TGFβ signaling in human prostate fibroblasts has also been shown to induce BPH1 benign prostate epithelial cells to undergo malignant transformation [75] (discussed in Section 4.2.1) and increased oxidative stress in CAFs has been linked to genomic instability in neighboring cancer cells via a bystander effect, potentially contributing to tumor progression [130].