CCL2 and colonic neoplasm: In addition, recent findings have identified CAFs as key immune regulators that modulate the tumor microenvironment of numerous malignancies, including colon cancer, through the release of several cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [9,10].