LEP and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Leptin, leptin normalized for fat mass (leptin/fat mass ratio), and total adiponectin were significantly higher in COPD than in controls, both for categories (p = 0.003, p = 0.001, and p = 0.04, respectively) and for sex effects (significantly higher in females than in males, p = 0.007, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.02, respectively) (Table 2, Figure 3A–C).