These benefits are mediated by reduced microgliosis, a diminished expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, attenuated cholinergic neuronal loss, and increased hippocampal levels of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and glutamate decarboxylase [454,464,465], which regulate glutamate transport and metabolism and are normally downregulated in AD [466,467]. The gene discussed is GLUL; the disease is Alzheimer disease.