Indeed, AD rats receiving lycopene displayed reduced levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6β) and attenuated choroid plexus expression of the inflammatory mediators, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-kB, as well as increased CSF and hippocampal levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, even when treated at early disease stages [50,51,62]. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.