TNF and COVID-19: In line with the findings in COVID-19 patients, induction of type I and III interferons (IFN), which are considered as the first line of cellular antiviral defenses, was observed to be delayed in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in a subsequent increase of IFN-γ and TNF-α, which trigger inflammatory cell death, tissue damage, and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 [21,27].