This prooxidant effect of GK-1 is similar to that caused by peptides from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus vexillum, which induces OS by increasing ROS and reactive nitrogen intermediates as well as decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and SOD, causing oxidative damage such as lipid and protein oxidation in carcinoma cells. Here, SOD1 is linked to carcinoma.