GFAP and brain injury: Studies with Actaea racemosa show a significant decrease in neuronal damage by several mechanisms such as increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin 1 (IL-1), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and IL-6 expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury [48].