Because IL-1β and CCL2 contribute to the development of CLI, which may mediate the link between chronic exposure to HDM in asthmatic patients and an increased risk of developing LC [8, 10], we tested in a last set of experiments the effect of budesonide, an ICS commonly prescribed to reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic and COPD patients [63]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.