Overall, these findings are in agreement with previous studies using budesonide [70, 71] or other ICS [72, 73] and suggest that ICS treatment decreases lung tumor development in mice and might reduce the risk of developing LC in asthmatic and COPD patients, at least in part, by inhibiting the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway in lung macrophages. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.