HGS was inversely correlated with age (r = − 0.390, p < 0.001), duration of diabetes (r = − 0.105, p = 0.037), HDL-C (r = − 0.172, p = 0.001), PWV (r = − 0.184, p < 0.001), AIx75 (r = − 0.372, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1), and plasma BNP levels (r = − 0.129, p = 0.048). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and diabetes mellitus.