ESR1 and cancer: Estrogens also play a role in prostate cancer through prostatic estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β), whose expression patterns gradually differ during cancer progression [259]: ER-β inhibits the EMT process due to its inhibitory action on HIF-1α and Snail [260], while ER-β2 and ER-β5 variants can stabilize HIF-1α and favor hypoxic genes expression in prostate cancer [261].