TGFB1 and malaria: Although the role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of malaria is less well defined, a recent review suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 play a role as proinflammatory cytokines; meanwhile, as the transforming growth factor, (TGF-β) and IL-10 play a role as anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of malaria [8].