Before anti-TB and anti-helminth treatment of the helminth positive PTB patients (t = 0), helminth positive PTB patients had a significantly lower frequency of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells compared to helminth negative PTB patients (p < 0.05) in SEB stimulated PBMCs, which is the stimuli here used to induce a total or maximum T cell cytokine production. Here, CD4 is linked to tuberculosis.