CD4 and tuberculosis: In active TB patients, we found a decreased frequency of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in helminth positive TB patients which is consistent with previous studies that showed diminished systemic Th-1 and Th-17 cytokine responses [33] and mycobacterial-specific mono- and poly-functional Th-1 and Th-17 cells during helminth coinfection [34].