In a randomized phase III trial, Xie et al. evaluated the effect of the addition of erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, to chemoradiotherapy in ESCC patients with locally advanced disease; erlotinib improved the median overall survival rate compared with chemoradiotherapy alone (39.4 months vs. 27.4 months, respectively) [62]. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.