NDUFS1 and colorectal carcinoma: These results indicated that the binding of PHB2 to NDUFS1 facilitated the interaction between NDUFS1 and NDUFV1, which promoted the activity of complex I. Collectively, it was proposed that upregulated PHB2 interacted with NDUFS1 to stabilize the structure of complex I and enhance its activity, leading to increased OXPHOS levels, thereby promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis of CRC (Fig. 6I).