NLRP3 and colitis: Previous studies identified that NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β release plays a critical role in NSAID-induced enteropathy20 and treatment with NLRP3 inhibitors such as MCC950 ameliorates colitis.42,43 IL-10 produced from macrophages was also reported to be a negative regulator of NLRP3 when induced by different stimuli.44 In our study, we found that, in addition to NLRP3 activation, Caspase-8 was also activated in the AIEC/piroxicam combination group.