Giri et al. first reported in 2013 that treatment with Ce3+ dominating nanoceria of ~ 38 nm hydrodynamic radius inhibited migration and invasion of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells through inhibition of growth factors including stromal cell-derived factor 1 SDF1, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor HB-EGF and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF [92]. Here, VEGFA is linked to ovarian carcinoma.