CD274 and neoplasm: In the situation where immune cells do express PD-1, Avelumab could thus have multiple effects: (1) Block the inhibitory effects of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, which will release PD-1+ T- or NK cells from inhibition, (2) Mediate ADCC in NK cells against tumor or TME-associated PD-L1 expressing cells, and (3) Activate NK cells by engagement of CD16 via the Fc domains of the free floating Avelumab antibody, potentially improving anti-tumor activity in a manner that is not depending on formation of a lytic junction and cytotoxicity.