LEP and metabolic disease: 2019). In addition, it has been known that α-MG was able to restore leptin levels and oxidative stress in olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders in rats by increasing AMPK phosphorylation in liver (Ardakanian et al. 2022). A previous study has shown that under conditions of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids lead to the production of 4-HNE, which can further impair insulin action in muscle cells (Pillon et al. 2012).