TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: TXL, Ato, and the TXL–Ato combination significantly decreased the expression of IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α compared to that in the COPD + AS group, while the TXL–Ato combination significantly decreased the expression of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α compared to that in the Ato group.