TNF and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus: Particularly higher level of TNF-α is found in patients with active triple co-infection if compared to latent infection/co-infection and active double co-infection, presenting a role of active co-infection with multiple viruses in an increase of TNF-α level, which indicates an inflammation that could be caused by a viral infection (p = 0.0045 and p = 0.0158, respectively).