In a study on lung adenocarcinoma patients, PDPN + CAFs showed higher expression of TGFB1 and were associated with CD204 + TAM infiltration in stage I lung squamous cell cancer (SqCC), suggesting that PDPN + CAFs were associated with an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment [21]. This evidence concerns the gene PDPN and squamous cell lung carcinoma.