IFNA2 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Neutralizing autoantibodies to IFN-I has been reported to develop in patients treated with IFNα2 or IFNβ therapy21,22; in the majority of patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I (APS-1)23,24 or thymoma25; at lower frequencies in rheumatic diseases, including cross-sectional lupus cohorts26,27,28; and more recently in a subset of patients with life-threatening COVID-19.29