To evaluate whether patients with SLE develop endogenous autoantibodies to IFNα or/and other cytokines, we tested sera from 474 patients with SLE and 312 healthy controls (controls) for autoantibodies (autoAbs) against cytokines with the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay (clinical characteristic, genders, and ethnicities are reported in Table 1, and the study population described in detail in the STAR Methods). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.