TNF and preeclampsia: For example, it has been shown that preeclampsia is associated with upregulation of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6); cell adhesion molecules, including soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1); cellular fibronectin and anti-angiogenic proteins, including soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), amongst others [8, 12–21].