CALR and cancer: The therapeutic potential of CRT has been examined in a number of ways: (a) cancer chemotherapeutics and PDT can induce ER stress leading the anterograde translocation of CRT to the cell surface of some tumours where it can affect both innate and adaptive immunity, (b) recombinant CRT has been shown to have a beneficial role in wound healing109 and (c) the chaperone properties of CRT have been exploited to enhance antigen therapeutic vaccine development.110