GSR and chronic kidney disease: An animal study evaluated the effect of Arabic gum on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in the gastrointestinal tract of the experimental model of chronic kidney disease (CKD), lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and higher concentrations of IL-10, catalase, glutathione reductase, TAC, SOD, and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 reported in the duodenal mucosa [60].