TLR4 and viral infectious disease: The complex thus generated binds to the Toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4) of macrophages, which triggers transduction signals that activate the expression of different genes that code for different inflammatory factors, such as the activator protein 1 (AP-1), a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stressors and bacterial and viral infections, and nuclear factor κB (NF- κB).