GSEA revealed that 30 pathways were significantly clustered in the high cuproptosis score group, including focal adhesion, pathways in cancer, small cell lung cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, cell cycle, and Notch and P53 signaling pathways (Fig. 8A and Additional file 2: Table S8, false discovery rate: q < 0.05). Here, TP53 is linked to thyroid cancer.