INS and chronic kidney disease: Physical activity may also protect against CKD via (i) improved endothelial function and reduced atherosclerosis of the kidney vasculature which lead to protection against filtration barrier defects, albuminuria, and declining kidney function; (ii) reduction of inflammation and reactive oxygen species; (iii) improved insulin sensitivity; (iv) maintenance of a healthy amount of adipose tissue and reduction in adipocytokines; and (v) alleviation of sympathetic overactivity [70–73].