As shown in Fig. 1, patients with DR-TB exhibited significantly increased levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0237), TNF-α (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p = 0.0053), IL-17 (p = 0.0004), IL-4 (p < 0.0001) and IL-10 (p = 0.0094) compared to DS-TB. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.