We next performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and found that, compared with SD-type ICC organoids, LD-type organoids exhibited significant enrichment of ‘cholangiocarcinoma class 2’, ‘KRAS dependency, ‘TGFβ-up gene, and ‘ERBB-up gene’ signatures (Fig. 4d). Here, KRAS is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.