TGFA and head and neck cancer: However, EGFR is overexpressed in ~80% of HNSCC cases and is closely related to poor prognosis.28 EGFR binds with HER family ligands involving epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin binding-EGF, amphiregulin, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), epiregulin, and betacellulin, leading to a signal transduction cascade thereby promoting tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis and determining the outcomes of diseases.29 Approaches to activate EGFR are multitudinous in head and neck cancer.