Major carcinogens, such as tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy diet, irradiation, and oncogenic viruses, are supposed to activate NF-κB.141,142 The activation of NF-κB is associated with EBV infection, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the maintenance of cancer stem cell characteristics and metabolic reprogramming in nasopharyngeal cancer.143,144. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cancer.