IFN-I produced by STING pathway activation in macrophages also activates tumor-infiltrating Batf3 DCs and tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.147,150 Similar findings have been reported in relation to gut microbiomes, where oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in combination with ICB, shifts the microbial community towards the enrichment of Lactobacillus murine and Bacteroides uniformis, thus inducing cGAS/STING-dependent IFN-I production which results in DC activation and CD8+ T cell recruitment in tumors.151 (Figs. 4 and 6). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.