F. nucleatum, for example, binds TLR4 on colorectal cancer cells, activating NF-κB signaling resulting in an increase in inflammatory factors and downstream ERK signaling,6,62 and also activating AKT signaling leading to increases in the downstream metabolites 12, 13-EpOME,85 both of which can lead to tumor progression. Here, TLR4 is linked to neoplasm.