NFKB1 and neoplasm: This suggests that F. nucleatum modulates the immune microenvironment and promotes tumor progression by inducing NF-κB-driven inflammation in early tumorigenesis.41,126 In addition, many studies have shown that enterotoxin (Bft) activates multiple MAPK pathways (via p38, ERK and JNK) in intestinal epithelial cells, which further activates NF-κB signaling and induces the mucosal inflammatory response.83,139–142 (Fig. 6).