INS and diabetic kidney disease: As shown in Fig. 1D, 463 upregulated DEGs are mainly overrepresented in DKD pathology-related pathways (e.g., EFG/EGFR pathway, Rho GTPases signaling, insulin signaling pathway), inflammation pathways (e.g., IL-17 signaling, TNF signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling), and lipid metabolism-related pathways (VEGF signaling) (full pathway list was provided in Supplementary Table 2).