PCA3 and prostate carcinoma: In conclusion, we found consistent upregulation of PCA3 and downregulation of PRUNE2 in prostate cancer as compared with normal prostate in two retrospective and independent patient cohorts (summarized in Figure 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1), supporting that PCA3 and PRUNE2 function as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, respectively, in human prostate cancer.