Casp1/11/8–/–Ripk3–/– mice, however, should lack the cell death pathways initiated by NLRC4 (via Caspase-1 or Caspase-8), Caspase-11, and TNFα (Figure 2—figure supplement 2), and our results above suggest that these mice might be highly susceptible to infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.