TNF and infection: The top enriched signaling pathway, TNF-α via the NF-κB pathway, showed the largest normalized enrichment score (NES) in untreated versus S. sanguinis multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20, S. sanguinis MOI of 40, H2O2, and IgG groups (NES = 2.25, 2.53, 2.36, and 2.34, respectively) (Fig. 4c).