SIRT1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Kim et al. found that long-term oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 contributed to the reduction of visceral fat in obese adults (43); Jang et al. elucidated that oral administration of a variety of Lactobacillus inhibited HFD-induced NF-κB activation and increased the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and SIRT-1 expression in liver, so as to reduce obesity and relieve inflammatory symptoms (44).