TNF and acute kidney injury: As important factors in preventing cell damage in acute kidney injury, both a decrease in proinflammatory mediators (IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interferon-, and IL-6) and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-, and TGF-) have been identified (Kim et al. 2012; Tögel et al. 2007).