TNF and inflammation: Mozaffarian and colleagues [19] showed that in 86 ambulatory patients with established heart failure, RBC TFAs were strongly associated with NT-proBNP and biomarkers of systemic inflammation (i.e., IL 1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, TNF receptor 1 and 2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1).