PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: More recently, immuno-oncology therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have improved outcomes for patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with or without known driver mutations versus chemotherapy in clinical trials, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy [8–16].