INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: MGO and 4-HNE can directly interfere with insulin signalling in skeletal muscle (Pillon et al. 2012; Riboulet-Chavey et al. 2006) and form adducts with proteins, which modifies their activity and leads to the downstream formation of harmful advanced lipid peroxidation (ALEs) and advanced glycation (AGEs) end-products—further exacerbating T2D and diabetic complications (for a review, see Brings et al. 2017).