Along the same lines, naked monoclonal antibodies have also been developed for the specific treatment of AML by targeting several antigens expressed on blasts, including, in particular, CD33 (refs. 49, 50), CD123 (refs. 12, 13) and, more anecdotally, CD135 (FLT-3) and CXCR4 (ref. 51). This evidence concerns the gene IL3RA and acute myeloid leukemia.