Notably, the pathways for PD (ES = −0.49, p < 0.001), AD (ES = −0.37, p = 0.037), and Huntington’s disease (ES = −0.45, p = 0.002) were significantly negatively correlated with treatment, and further investigation revealed that many of the core enrichment genes in these pathways are similarly downregulated in clinical neurodegenerative diseases and after DSP-4 treatment in mice (Fig. 4e). This evidence concerns the gene DUSP26 and neurodegenerative disease.