In a mouse model, deletion of both TLR9 and MyD88 promoted lesion progression and increased levels of Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in leishmaniasis (111), which suggests that TLR9 and MyD88 play crucial roles in the Th1-mediated healing response against L. guyanensis. Here, TLR9 is linked to leishmaniasis.