PARD3 and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Previous studies have generally concluded that in the IBS model, especially in the WAS model, enhanced DNA methylation is closely related to visceral hypersensitivity, involving genes such as Par-3 family cell polarity regulator (Pard3), glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), and cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1) [28, 43].