Previously identified hypospadias associated genes are present, including GLI3, CYP11A1, CYP1A1, EGF, TGFBR3, FGFR2, RYR1, INSL3, ADAT3, ARNT2, SNAP29, CYPIA2, DGKK9,10. Here, INSL3 is linked to hypospadias.