Many of the effects of SCFAs are likely mediated through G-protein coupled receptors GPR43 and GPR4142. Specific to breast cancer, SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43-mediated signaling pathways in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line43, and these receptors have demonstrated reduced expression in invasive breast carcinoma and aggressive triple-negative breast tumors when compared to healthy breast tissue44. Here, FFAR3 is linked to invasive breast carcinoma.