Interestingly, MDS cases showed regulons that were very active in most cell types, and that were not present in HSPCs from young or elderly samples, such as SMAD1 (MDS1); ATF3 and HOXA6 (MDS2); POU2F2, NR4A1, and HMG20B (MDS3); YEATS4, E2F1, and RUNX1 (MDS4). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and myelodysplastic syndrome.